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Tennessee Divorce Laws: Residency, Waiting Period, Custody and Support

Tennessee divorce rules: residency requirement, grounds, waiting period, filing fee, property division, alimony, custody, child support and uncontested divorce.

Quick answers for Tennessee

Residency requirement
If the grounds arose while the filer lived in Tennessee, or arose outside Tennessee while the filer lived elsewhere, either spouse must have lived in Tennessee for the six months before the complaint is filed. A member of the U.S. Tenn. Code Ann. 36-4-104
Waiting period
A divorce complaint must be on file for 60 days before it can be heard if the parties have no unmarried child under 18, and at least 90 days if they do. The period starts on the date the complaint is filed. Tenn. Code Ann. 36-4-101(b); 36-4-103(c)
Dividing property
Tennessee uses equitable distribution. Before deciding alimony, the court divides marital property in the proportions it considers just, without regard to marital fault, and allocates marital debt. Tenn. Code Ann. 36-4-121
When child support ends
Child support generally ends at 18. If the child is enrolled in an accredited high school after turning 18, parents remain responsible for support until the child graduates from high school or the child's class graduates, whichever comes first, but never after the child turns 19. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 34-1-102(b), 36-5-101(k)

Last verified: 2026-10-27

Filing for divorce

Residency requirementIf the grounds arose while the filer lived in Tennessee, or arose outside Tennessee while the filer lived elsewhere, either spouse must have lived in Tennessee for the six months before the complaint is filed. A member of the U.S. armed services, or their spouse, who has lived in Tennessee for at least one year is presumed to be a resident.
Grounds for divorceTennessee's no-fault grounds are irreconcilable differences, and living in separate residences without cohabiting for two or more continuous years when there are no minor children. Fault grounds include impotency, bigamy, adultery, willful desertion for one year, conviction of an infamous crime or a felony with imprisonment, attempting the other's life, refusing to move to Tennessee and being absent two years, the wife's undisclosed pregnancy by another man at marriage, habitual drunkenness or drug abuse begun after marriage, cruel and inhuman treatment (inappropriate marital conduct), indignities, and abandonment without support.
Waiting periodA divorce complaint must be on file for 60 days before it can be heard if the parties have no unmarried child under 18, and at least 90 days if they do. The period starts on the date the complaint is filed.
Uncontested or simplified divorceSpouses can get an agreed divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences by signing a written, notarized marital dissolution agreement; the agreement can take the place of service of process and an answer. The court may grant the divorce only if it finds the parties' written agreement makes adequate and sufficient provision for the custody and support of any children and an equitable settlement of property; otherwise the case is continued. The 60-day or 90-day waiting period applies.
The Tennessee courts publish court-approved agreed divorce forms, but the tncourts.gov forms page was behind a browser check and was not read.

Property and alimony

Dividing propertyTennessee uses equitable distribution. Before deciding alimony, the court divides marital property in the proportions it considers just, without regard to marital fault, and allocates marital debt. Factors include the length of the marriage, each spouse's age, health, skills, earning capacity, assets, debts and needs, and contributions to the marriage. Separate property includes property owned before the marriage (including IRAs), property exchanged for it, income and appreciation of premarital property (unless it becomes marital), gifts and inheritances received at any time, certain personal injury and crime-victim awards, and property acquired after a legal separation order that finally divided property.
Alimony (spousal support)The court may award rehabilitative alimony, alimony in futuro (periodic), transitional alimony, alimony in solido (lump sum), or a combination. The law prefers rehabilitating an economically disadvantaged spouse when possible; long-term support may be ordered when rehabilitation is not feasible. Factors include each party's earning capacity, needs and resources, education and training, length of the marriage, age and mental and physical condition, child custody responsibilities, separate assets, the property division, standard of living, monetary and homemaker contributions, relative fault where appropriate, and tax consequences. There is no formula.

Children: custody and support

Child custodyCustody is decided by the best interest of the child, and the court must order an arrangement that lets both parents participate as much as possible consistent with the child's best interest. Factors include the strength of each parent-child relationship and who has done most of the daily parenting, each parent's willingness to support the other's relationship with the child, refusal to attend a required parent education seminar, ability to provide care, the child's stability and adjustment, health, abuse, the character of others in each home, and the reasonable preference of a child 12 or older (a younger child's preference may be heard on request). There is no preference or presumption for or against joint or sole custody, but joint custody is presumed to be in the child's best interest when the parents agree to it.
Emergency and temporary custodyIn domestic abuse cases, a court may issue an ex parte (emergency) order of protection for good cause; an immediate and present danger of abuse to the petitioner counts as good cause. A hearing must be held within 15 days after the order is served, where the court dissolves or extends it. An order of protection can award temporary custody of, or set temporary visitation for, the parties' minor children, but that relief may be ordered only after both sides have had an opportunity to be heard.
Section 36-3-606: https://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-36-domestic-relations/tn-code-sect-36-3-606.html
Parenting class or mediationIn any case where a permanent parenting plan is or will be entered, each parent must attend a parent education seminar of at least four hours total as soon as possible after the complaint is filed. The seminar covers protecting children's emotional development, the legal process, alternative dispute resolution and domestic violence. Parties pay a reasonable fee, which may be waived for indigent persons. A divorce may not be denied because a party did not attend, but refusing to attend may be considered as a lack of good faith in custody decisions.
Grandparents' rightsA grandparent may petition for visitation, and a hearing is required if the parent opposes or has severely reduced visits, when: a parent of the child has died; the parents are divorced, legally separated or never married; a parent has been missing at least six months; another state's court ordered visitation; the child lived with the grandparent for 12 months or more and was removed; or the child and grandparent had a significant relationship for 12 months or more that the parent severed for reasons other than abuse or danger, likely causing substantial emotional harm. The court must first find a danger of substantial harm to the child, then decide whether visitation is in the child's best interest.

Child support

Child supportTennessee child support is calculated under income shares guidelines. The Tennessee Department of Human Services publishes Income Shares Worksheets (Excel) for calculating support.
How to apply for child supportParents can apply for child support services from the Tennessee Department of Human Services (TDHS) online through the One DHS Customer Portal, or get help from a local child support office. TDHS establishes and enforces support orders but cannot help with divorce, custody, or parenting time.
Portal: https://onedhs.tn.gov ; office locator: https://www.tn.gov/humanservices/for-families/child-support-services/child-support-office-locator.html
When child support endsChild support generally ends at 18. If the child is enrolled in an accredited high school after turning 18, parents remain responsible for support until the child graduates from high school or the child's class graduates, whichever comes first, but never after the child turns 19. A court may continue support for a disabled child up to age 21, and the age limit does not apply to a severely disabled child living under a parent's care and supervision when the court finds it is in the child's best interest and the paying parent can afford it.
Changing a child support orderWhen either parent applies, the court must increase or decrease support if there is a significant variance between the child support guidelines amount and the current order. TDHS says either parent can request a review at any time through the local child support office; if a complete review was done within the past two years, the requesting parent must first show a change in circumstances. For income-shares orders, a significant variance requires at least a 15% difference. Reviews can be done by the court or administratively by TDHS, and both parents must complete an Affidavit of Income and Expenses. Arrears do not prevent modification of future support unless they result from intentional conduct.
If child support isn't paidUnpaid support remains owed as arrears and is collected until the balance reaches zero; it cannot be discharged in bankruptcy. Support is commonly paid by automatic deduction from the paying parent's paycheck. Actions such as tax refund intercepts, license revocation, passport denial, and child support liens happen automatically once the amount owed meets each action's requirement. Passports are denied or revoked when a parent owes or has owed $2,500 or more. Interest is not charged automatically: since July 2018, on TDHS (IV-D) cases a court may add interest of up to 6% on past-due support (up to 12% applied to earlier orders). Following a payment plan may prevent some, but not all, enforcement actions.
Official child support calculatorThe Tennessee Department of Human Services publishes automated Child Support Calculator tools for the Tennessee Child Support Guidelines (income shares model; most recent changes effective October 1, 2021): an Excel Child Support and Credit Worksheets calculator (must be downloaded and saved to work), a downloadable State TN Calculator, and the State of TN Child Support Calculator app for iOS. DHS says the app is for educational and informational purposes only and that only a court order or other tribunal can set child support. Check the page regularly, because outdated calculators may give incorrect results.
Guidelines page: https://www.tn.gov/humanservices/for-families/child-support-services/child-support-guidelines.html

Separation, annulment, records and marriage

Legal separationYes. A spouse with grounds for divorce may instead file for legal separation, and the court will declare the parties legally separated unless the other spouse specifically objects (in which case it may still grant it after a hearing if grounds are proven). Legal separation does not end the marriage but allows the spouses to stop living together. After a legal separation order has been in place more than two years without reconciliation, either party may petition for an absolute divorce.
Divorce recordsTennessee Vital Records (Department of Health) issues certified copies of Certificates of Divorce or Annulment for divorces from the past 50 years. The fee is $15 per copy, which covers the search and one copy if found; search fees are not refunded if no record is on file. Mail requests need a check or money order payable to Tennessee Vital Records and, unless the application is notarized, a copy of a valid government-issued photo ID. Older records are available from the clerk of the court where the divorce was granted and may be available from the Tennessee State Library and Archives. The full divorce decree is kept by the court clerk.

Marriage and name changes

Getting a marriage licenseGet a license from a county clerk. Both applicants must give a sworn written application with their names, ages, current addresses and Social Security numbers (applicants under 18 also list a parent, guardian or next of kin); incarcerated or disabled applicants and deployed service members may submit notarized statements instead of appearing. The license is valid for 30 days from issuance. In addition to the clerk's license fee, state law imposes a $62.50 fee on each license, of which $60 is waived for couples who present a certificate of completing a premarital preparation course (and, in certain tourist-resort counties, for couples who are both nonresidents).
Legal name changeFile a written petition, signed and verified by affidavit, in the circuit, probate or county court of the county where you live, stating your reasons. The court may order the change by an entry of record. People convicted of first- or second-degree murder or a sex offense requiring registration cannot change their names; other felons must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the request is in good faith and not to defraud or harm anyone. The clerk's fees are the same as for similar services in other cases.

Adoption, guardianship and paternity

Adoption requirementsAny person over 18 may petition the chancery or circuit court to adopt, and a living, competent spouse must join the petition. Petitioners generally must live in Tennessee when the petition is filed (with exceptions for certain nonresidents and active-duty service members) and must have physical custody of the child or the right to receive it. The rights of each legal parent, guardian or putative father must be surrendered, consented, waived or terminated before adoption; grounds for termination include abandonment, defined as failure to visit or support for four consecutive months before filing (three months if the child is under four). Petitioners must obtain a home study or preliminary home study from a licensed child-placing agency, licensed clinical social worker or the Department of Children's Services, though the court may waive it for adoption by related persons.
Stepparent adoptionWhen the petitioner's spouse is the child's legal or biological parent, the spouse signs the petition as co-petitioner; that counts as the parent's consent, no surrender is needed from that parent, and the parent's own legal relationship with the child is unaffected. The other parent's rights must still be surrendered, consented, waived or terminated (for example for abandonment). The court may waive the home study for adoption by related persons.
Guardianship of a childAny person who knows of circumstances requiring a guardian may file a sworn petition. A guardian of the person only may be sought in juvenile court; a guardian of the person and/or property may be sought in a court exercising probate jurisdiction or another court of record, in the county where the minor or the (custodial) parents live. Subject to the minor's best interests, the court considers, in order: the parents, a person named by the parents in a will or other writing, adult siblings, the closest relatives, and others.
Guardianship of an adultTennessee calls an adult's guardian a conservator. Any person who knows the circumstances may petition in a court exercising probate jurisdiction (or another court of record) in the county where the person with a disability lives. The court must find by clear and convincing evidence that the person is fully or partially disabled and needs the court's assistance, and it has an affirmative duty to impose the least restrictive alternatives consistent with adequate protection. Subject to best interests, priority goes to a person the respondent designated in a signed writing, then the spouse, a child, the closest relatives, a district public guardian, and others.
Establishing paternityA voluntary acknowledgment of paternity completed under the vital records law is a legal finding of paternity and is conclusive without a court order unless rescinded; it can be the basis for a support order. A signer may rescind within 60 days of completing it by filing a sworn statement on the state registrar's form (with a fee) at the Office of Vital Records in the Department of Health, or during that period at a court or administrative proceeding about the child. After that it may be challenged only for fraud, duress or material mistake of fact. In a contested paternity case, the court (or the Department of Human Services in child support cases) must order genetic testing at a party's request supported by an affidavit.
Emancipation of a minorThe chancery court (or circuit court) of the county where a minor lives may remove the 'disabilities of minority.' The minor applies in writing through a next friend, stating their age, their parents' names and residences, and the reason; parents and relatives are made parties and may oppose. The decree may be partial (for a specific act) or general, allowing the minor to manage property, make contracts, sue and be sued, and work in a profession as if 18, and must state exactly what disabilities are removed. Marriage also removes the disabilities of minority.
The statute does not state a minimum age.

Where to get help in Tennessee

Divorce & Family Law FAQ

How long do you have to live in Tennessee to file for divorce?
If the grounds arose while the filer lived in Tennessee, or arose outside Tennessee while the filer lived elsewhere, either spouse must have lived in Tennessee for the six months before the complaint is filed. A member of the U.S. armed services, or their spouse, who has lived in Tennessee for at least one year is presumed to be a resident.
Is Tennessee a no-fault divorce state?
Tennessee's no-fault grounds are irreconcilable differences, and living in separate residences without cohabiting for two or more continuous years when there are no minor children. Fault grounds include impotency, bigamy, adultery, willful desertion for one year, conviction of an infamous crime or a felony with imprisonment, attempting the other's life, refusing to move to Tennessee and being absent two years, the wife's undisclosed pregnancy by another man at marriage, habitual drunkenness or drug abuse begun after marriage, cruel and inhuman treatment (inappropriate marital conduct), indignities, and abandonment without support.
Is there a waiting period for divorce in Tennessee?
A divorce complaint must be on file for 60 days before it can be heard if the parties have no unmarried child under 18, and at least 90 days if they do. The period starts on the date the complaint is filed.
How do you get an uncontested divorce in Tennessee?
Spouses can get an agreed divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences by signing a written, notarized marital dissolution agreement; the agreement can take the place of service of process and an answer. The court may grant the divorce only if it finds the parties' written agreement makes adequate and sufficient provision for the custody and support of any children and an equitable settlement of property; otherwise the case is continued. The 60-day or 90-day waiting period applies.
Is Tennessee a community property state?
Tennessee uses equitable distribution. Before deciding alimony, the court divides marital property in the proportions it considers just, without regard to marital fault, and allocates marital debt. Factors include the length of the marriage, each spouse's age, health, skills, earning capacity, assets, debts and needs, and contributions to the marriage. Separate property includes property owned before the marriage (including IRAs), property exchanged for it, income and appreciation of premarital property (unless it becomes marital), gifts and inheritances received at any time, certain personal injury and crime-victim awards, and property acquired after a legal separation order that finally divided property.
How is alimony decided in Tennessee?
The court may award rehabilitative alimony, alimony in futuro (periodic), transitional alimony, alimony in solido (lump sum), or a combination. The law prefers rehabilitating an economically disadvantaged spouse when possible; long-term support may be ordered when rehabilitation is not feasible. Factors include each party's earning capacity, needs and resources, education and training, length of the marriage, age and mental and physical condition, child custody responsibilities, separate assets, the property division, standard of living, monetary and homemaker contributions, relative fault where appropriate, and tax consequences. There is no formula.
How is child custody decided in Tennessee?
Custody is decided by the best interest of the child, and the court must order an arrangement that lets both parents participate as much as possible consistent with the child's best interest. Factors include the strength of each parent-child relationship and who has done most of the daily parenting, each parent's willingness to support the other's relationship with the child, refusal to attend a required parent education seminar, ability to provide care, the child's stability and adjustment, health, abuse, the character of others in each home, and the reasonable preference of a child 12 or older (a younger child's preference may be heard on request). There is no preference or presumption for or against joint or sole custody, but joint custody is presumed to be in the child's best interest when the parents agree to it.
How is child support calculated in Tennessee?
Tennessee child support is calculated under income shares guidelines. The Tennessee Department of Human Services publishes Income Shares Worksheets (Excel) for calculating support.
Do you have to take a parenting class to divorce in Tennessee?
In any case where a permanent parenting plan is or will be entered, each parent must attend a parent education seminar of at least four hours total as soon as possible after the complaint is filed. The seminar covers protecting children's emotional development, the legal process, alternative dispute resolution and domestic violence. Parties pay a reasonable fee, which may be waived for indigent persons. A divorce may not be denied because a party did not attend, but refusing to attend may be considered as a lack of good faith in custody decisions.
Can you get a legal separation in Tennessee?
Yes. A spouse with grounds for divorce may instead file for legal separation, and the court will declare the parties legally separated unless the other spouse specifically objects (in which case it may still grant it after a hearing if grounds are proven). Legal separation does not end the marriage but allows the spouses to stop living together. After a legal separation order has been in place more than two years without reconciliation, either party may petition for an absolute divorce.
Do grandparents have visitation rights in Tennessee?
A grandparent may petition for visitation, and a hearing is required if the parent opposes or has severely reduced visits, when: a parent of the child has died; the parents are divorced, legally separated or never married; a parent has been missing at least six months; another state's court ordered visitation; the child lived with the grandparent for 12 months or more and was removed; or the child and grandparent had a significant relationship for 12 months or more that the parent severed for reasons other than abuse or danger, likely causing substantial emotional harm. The court must first find a danger of substantial harm to the child, then decide whether visitation is in the child's best interest.
At what age does child support end in Tennessee?
Child support generally ends at 18. If the child is enrolled in an accredited high school after turning 18, parents remain responsible for support until the child graduates from high school or the child's class graduates, whichever comes first, but never after the child turns 19. A court may continue support for a disabled child up to age 21, and the age limit does not apply to a severely disabled child living under a parent's care and supervision when the court finds it is in the child's best interest and the paying parent can afford it.
How do I file for child support in Tennessee?
Parents can apply for child support services from the Tennessee Department of Human Services (TDHS) online through the One DHS Customer Portal, or get help from a local child support office. TDHS establishes and enforces support orders but cannot help with divorce, custody, or parenting time.
What happens if you don't pay child support in Tennessee?
Unpaid support remains owed as arrears and is collected until the balance reaches zero; it cannot be discharged in bankruptcy. Support is commonly paid by automatic deduction from the paying parent's paycheck. Actions such as tax refund intercepts, license revocation, passport denial, and child support liens happen automatically once the amount owed meets each action's requirement. Passports are denied or revoked when a parent owes or has owed $2,500 or more. Interest is not charged automatically: since July 2018, on TDHS (IV-D) cases a court may add interest of up to 6% on past-due support (up to 12% applied to earlier orders). Following a payment plan may prevent some, but not all, enforcement actions.
How do you modify child support in Tennessee?
When either parent applies, the court must increase or decrease support if there is a significant variance between the child support guidelines amount and the current order. TDHS says either parent can request a review at any time through the local child support office; if a complete review was done within the past two years, the requesting parent must first show a change in circumstances. For income-shares orders, a significant variance requires at least a 15% difference. Reviews can be done by the court or administratively by TDHS, and both parents must complete an Affidavit of Income and Expenses. Arrears do not prevent modification of future support unless they result from intentional conduct.
How do you get emergency custody in Tennessee?
In domestic abuse cases, a court may issue an ex parte (emergency) order of protection for good cause; an immediate and present danger of abuse to the petitioner counts as good cause. A hearing must be held within 15 days after the order is served, where the court dissolves or extends it. An order of protection can award temporary custody of, or set temporary visitation for, the parties' minor children, but that relief may be ordered only after both sides have had an opportunity to be heard.
Are divorce records public in Tennessee, and how do I get a copy?
Tennessee Vital Records (Department of Health) issues certified copies of Certificates of Divorce or Annulment for divorces from the past 50 years. The fee is $15 per copy, which covers the search and one copy if found; search fees are not refunded if no record is on file. Mail requests need a check or money order payable to Tennessee Vital Records and, unless the application is notarized, a copy of a valid government-issued photo ID. Older records are available from the clerk of the court where the divorce was granted and may be available from the Tennessee State Library and Archives. The full divorce decree is kept by the court clerk.
How do you get a marriage license in Tennessee?
Get a license from a county clerk. Both applicants must give a sworn written application with their names, ages, current addresses and Social Security numbers (applicants under 18 also list a parent, guardian or next of kin); incarcerated or disabled applicants and deployed service members may submit notarized statements instead of appearing. The license is valid for 30 days from issuance. In addition to the clerk's license fee, state law imposes a $62.50 fee on each license, of which $60 is waived for couples who present a certificate of completing a premarital preparation course (and, in certain tourist-resort counties, for couples who are both nonresidents).
What are the requirements to adopt a child in Tennessee?
Any person over 18 may petition the chancery or circuit court to adopt, and a living, competent spouse must join the petition. Petitioners generally must live in Tennessee when the petition is filed (with exceptions for certain nonresidents and active-duty service members) and must have physical custody of the child or the right to receive it. The rights of each legal parent, guardian or putative father must be surrendered, consented, waived or terminated before adoption; grounds for termination include abandonment, defined as failure to visit or support for four consecutive months before filing (three months if the child is under four). Petitioners must obtain a home study or preliminary home study from a licensed child-placing agency, licensed clinical social worker or the Department of Children's Services, though the court may waive it for adoption by related persons.
How does stepparent adoption work in Tennessee?
When the petitioner's spouse is the child's legal or biological parent, the spouse signs the petition as co-petitioner; that counts as the parent's consent, no surrender is needed from that parent, and the parent's own legal relationship with the child is unaffected. The other parent's rights must still be surrendered, consented, waived or terminated (for example for abandonment). The court may waive the home study for adoption by related persons.
How do you get guardianship of a child in Tennessee?
Any person who knows of circumstances requiring a guardian may file a sworn petition. A guardian of the person only may be sought in juvenile court; a guardian of the person and/or property may be sought in a court exercising probate jurisdiction or another court of record, in the county where the minor or the (custodial) parents live. Subject to the minor's best interests, the court considers, in order: the parents, a person named by the parents in a will or other writing, adult siblings, the closest relatives, and others.
How do you get guardianship of an adult in Tennessee?
Tennessee calls an adult's guardian a conservator. Any person who knows the circumstances may petition in a court exercising probate jurisdiction (or another court of record) in the county where the person with a disability lives. The court must find by clear and convincing evidence that the person is fully or partially disabled and needs the court's assistance, and it has an affirmative duty to impose the least restrictive alternatives consistent with adequate protection. Subject to best interests, priority goes to a person the respondent designated in a signed writing, then the spouse, a child, the closest relatives, a district public guardian, and others.
How do you establish paternity in Tennessee?
A voluntary acknowledgment of paternity completed under the vital records law is a legal finding of paternity and is conclusive without a court order unless rescinded; it can be the basis for a support order. A signer may rescind within 60 days of completing it by filing a sworn statement on the state registrar's form (with a fee) at the Office of Vital Records in the Department of Health, or during that period at a court or administrative proceeding about the child. After that it may be challenged only for fraud, duress or material mistake of fact. In a contested paternity case, the court (or the Department of Human Services in child support cases) must order genetic testing at a party's request supported by an affidavit.
How do you legally change your name in Tennessee?
File a written petition, signed and verified by affidavit, in the circuit, probate or county court of the county where you live, stating your reasons. The court may order the change by an entry of record. People convicted of first- or second-degree murder or a sex offense requiring registration cannot change their names; other felons must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the request is in good faith and not to defraud or harm anyone. The clerk's fees are the same as for similar services in other cases.
How does a minor get emancipated in Tennessee?
The chancery court (or circuit court) of the county where a minor lives may remove the 'disabilities of minority.' The minor applies in writing through a next friend, stating their age, their parents' names and residences, and the reason; parents and relatives are made parties and may oppose. The decree may be partial (for a specific act) or general, allowing the minor to manage property, make contracts, sue and be sued, and work in a profession as if 18, and must state exactly what disabilities are removed. Marriage also removes the disabilities of minority.
Is there an official child support calculator in Tennessee?
The Tennessee Department of Human Services publishes automated Child Support Calculator tools for the Tennessee Child Support Guidelines (income shares model; most recent changes effective October 1, 2021): an Excel Child Support and Credit Worksheets calculator (must be downloaded and saved to work), a downloadable State TN Calculator, and the State of TN Child Support Calculator app for iOS. DHS says the app is for educational and informational purposes only and that only a court order or other tribunal can set child support. Check the page regularly, because outdated calculators may give incorrect results.

Divorce & Family Law in other states

More Tennessee law

General legal information, not legal advice. Laws change and local rules can differ; check the linked official source or talk to a lawyer about your situation.